Marketing Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing Managment - Essay Example This paper approves that organizations buying behavior is dissimilar to the consumers. Organizations are affected by environmental, organizational, interpersonal and individual factors. These individuals have their own set of behaviors and tend to influence others through interpersonal contact. In the environmental factors side, economic conditions is considered, the state of technological change is monitored, political and social factors are kept in mind and competitive developments play a major role in the company’s decision. At present, green marketing/ environment marketing has no strategies for the conventional process of segmenting, targeting and positioning. This is due to the fact that green marketing is a relatively new phenomenon with not set rules therefore the process is constantly updated, shifted, revised and new rules are created. One can use the traditional way marketing works with segmentation, targeting and position and merge newer reforms into this. This essay makes a conclusion that research conducted in the field of environment marketing, needs to be extensive and experimental. Organizations that declared their own selves to be socially responsible should understand the transitional phase green marketing in undergoing. Universities etc need to implement details about green marketing into their curriculum. Countries that are remote need to be made aware of their natural resource and taught the proper implementations of these. Above all green market is a profitable theory which needs to be realized by governments of other countries. Organizations such as The Body Shop have shown to their competitors that ozone-friendly products are in demand and appreciated by the public. However the publics of developing countries do not have this option and must be given so.

Erikosonian Psychosocial Tradition And Social Identity Theory

Erikosonian Psychosocial Tradition And Social Identity Theory Several psychological theories have attempted to provide a definition of identity and an explanation of the processes that develop it. Many theorists see identity development as a means for an individual to explain the present as a bridge from the past to the future, agreeing that identity consists of both individual and social elements. This essay aims to consider the contributions and implications posed by two different associated fields of study; the Erikosonian Psychosocial tradition and Social Identity Theory. Eriksons Psycho-social method was the first identity theory to provide an explanation between our self image (psycho) and the others in the community (social). He proposed individuals must have a stable sense of core identity, as failure to do so would mean the individual may be subject to an identity crisis. This is not to say that people must never experience a conflict of interest between individual needs and social demands. In fact Erikson argued that only by the successful resolution of these normative crises is the achievement of identity possible. He went on to identify eight stages in this life-long development of identity, marked by a distinct conflict, for which successful, normative crisis resolution would result in a favourable outcome. According to Erikson, the most important conflict takes place during adolescence, the fifth psychosocial age. Here the individual re-evaluates everything that was established in childhood by enduring psychosocial moratorium. During this so cially approved period of uncertainity, the indiviual can experieent with dfferent scial roles and consquently personality, self concept and self worth, may all be altered. Psychosocial Theory is a persuasive model. It is both accessible and relevant, resulting in Erikson being highly regarded amongst psychologists. He has been described as a visionary, providing a basis for the work of James Marcia on different forms of identity. The theory is still relevant in todays modern life, due to its utility in many professional arenas [such as] clinical, theoretical and empirical (McKinney, 2001). Erikson has had a huge impact in child development, resulting in teachers, parents and counselors drawing on ideals of his to support their work. Theorists such as Mary Ainsworth, who studied attachment in infancy explained concepts similar to those of Erikson, offering credibility to his work. The approach has been useful for understanding and explaining how personality and behaviour manifest, and therefore has become a much-used tool in dealing with conflict managent and in general self-awareness. It also provides a convincing explaination for many current issues, such as bullying in school. During stage 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. and current racial issues and why it can cause so much aggression and understanding of motives behind terrorism. However the theory does not go without criticism. Santrock (2004) highlights research which suggests that identity formation does not begin or end in adolescence, that the conflict is notably less dramatic than proposed, and that in fact some individuals go through their teenage years without any real problems at all. It therefore seems that erikson may have placed too much emphasis on adolescence. This maybe due to eriksons own personal experiences having an effect on his interpretation of results. His young life was fraught with problems, not least being tall and blond and living in a jewish neighbourhood, with a jewish step-family. This need for acceptance and the conflict associated with being different became important themes in his theory. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Based on field work, so reliable as in own environment; He studied combat crises in U.S. soldiers during World War II, child-rearing practices in Native American communities and soci al behavior in India. There are two basic problems with the pychosocial approach to identity. Firstly that large social group were ignored beause although Erikson believed person and social were interlinked, he treated them separately. And secondily Erikson focused on individual identities to explain how people identitfy with indivudal groups. Sit:- 700 words get down to 200! social identity theory (SIT) aims to resolve some of these problems highlighted with the pychosocial tradition, by producing a social rather than individual focus on identity, empahsising on the way we compare ourselves to others. concerned with when and why individuals identify with, and behave as part of, social groups, adopting shared attitudes. Tajfel, the founder of the theory, directly challenged the eriksons concept that group behaviour could be explained by looking at the psychology of individuals. He studied the relationships between people and proposed two separate sub-systems; Personal Identity (describing oneself as a friend or parent for example) and Social Identity (in instances such as referring to gender, race or religion). Their alternative theory suggested a distinctive level of collective psychological processes. This meant that people acted as group members as well as individuals. Their central idea was that behaviour and identity operated on a continuum based on situation, ranging from the highly individual and unique at one end (purely interpersonal), to the collective and common at the other (purely intergroup).The theorys fundamental idea is that identity is drawn from selfcatagorisation, when describing characteristics from our social group. This provides labels for ourselves, in turn provding rules for our behaviour. The category in which we place ourselves is called the ingroup. There is a sence of elitism and a tendency to exclude others; the outgroup. Tajfel research aimed to consider this discrimination between the groups, by proposing superficial differences, he split participants into inial groups and subjected the to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.he concluded that this was sufficient enough to generate predujices. This has been demonstrated, for instance in one example where school boys were placed in groups based on preference for abstract painters such as Klee or Kandinsky. Even using this trivial basis for grouping, and despite the fact th at the school boys didnt know who was in the groups, the boys allocated more resources towards ingroup members than outgroup members. In addition, the resources were given to other individuals in a group instead of the group as a whole, so the boys were not just giving resources to themselves out of self-interest.[13] This experiment was especially interesting because it challenged other models of intergroup interaction which are based on the idea that discrimination between groups happens because there is a clear reason for it, such as a competition for resources or a conflict of interests between the groups. Sit proposes that the reason for this discrimination is because of the need to belong to a group, taht are distinctive and have a high status, it boosts self esteem by making the other group inferior however sit argues that the resistance to this prejudice can result in some individuals seeking to iprove their status by using social obility or leaving behind their soial group. Others may attept social change, by social creativietly, a redefition of the group or through social competition, actively dmenading alternative social ideas in regard to a particular group. People dont like being in the out goup; so one answer is Moving to another group, but requires social mobility to be practicable. For instance, this may be viable in the case of social class or a job, but not so much in groups based on race or gender for example. Social mobility is at the individualistic end of the social behaviour continuum suggested by social identity theory.At the other end of the continuum, group level strategies focus on direct competition. But for this to be possible, there needs to be a belief that change is genuinely possible as well as desirable. In addition, group members need to perceive the current relationships with other groups to be unjustified.Finally, if neither of the above two options are viable, members of groups wishing to change their status may decide to compare themselves using different criteria where they compare more favourably, or focus on comparisons with a different group compared to whom they fare better. People can also choose to redef ine the negative elements of their group identity, or even redefine the group identity itself. These actions are not as effective as the others described above, but do allow group members to contend in a small way with the undesirable current perception of their group. Good bits Attepts to explain prejudies and self esteem, where erikson did not. Self-categorization theory grew from Tajfel and Turners early work on social identity. It is a development of social identity theory, specifically in the part of the relationship between group behaviour and self-concept that describes the social cognitive processes that create social identity effects. The theory describes how people define themselves at a group level but also at an individual level.[4][15] It considers group and individual identities to be at different levels of self-categorization, and more distinct from each other than social identity theory does. For instance, individuals can have several different group identities (e.g. gender, occupation, or nationality) and also several different individual identities depending on context (e.g. how someone considers themself as a male or how they consider themselves compared to their colleagues at work).[16][17] This concept of a hierarchy of different identities replaced the continuum in social identity theory, and allowed an individual an unlimited range of identities based on context.[18] The salience of a particular group identity is based on how accessible a categorization is to an individual, and how well it fits the social context (e.g. bearing in mind what the individual wants to achieve with their behaviour, or what they did last time they were in the situation). For instance, when discussing political issues in a conversation, nationality may become more salient.[19] Bad triviualise issues such as diability Ethical ? Labtest unreliable? Can results be applied to real life stuations. Some criritces cos it trear groups as indivudals (see bx on pg 66) Conclusion:- Although Eriksons theory of identity development is widely cited, other theories provide important knowledge about identity and its development. However Eriksons work is as relevant today as when he first outlined his original theory, in fact given the modern pressures on society, family and relationships and the quest for personal development and fulfilment his ideas are probably more relevant now than ever. Erikson was keen to improve the way children and young people are taught and nurtured, and it would be appropriate for his ideas to be more widely known and used in day-to-day life, beyond the clinical and counselling professions. Eriksons psychosocial theory is. As with any concept there are critics, but generally Eriksons theory is considered fundamentally significant. Erikson was a psychoanalyst and also a humanitarian. So his theory is useful far beyond psychoanalysis its useful for any application involving personal awareness and development of oneself or others. Social learning theories expand the constructs of self concept and self worth as the basis of self description in late childhood. Cognitive development theory describes the age-related processes leading to a childs limitation before adolescence and competence during adolescence for establishing identity. Researchers investigating Eriksons theory of identity development have provided important modifications to the theory.

Cyrano De Bergerac :: Cyrano De Bergerac Essays

Cyrano de Bergerac   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every generation has its own heroes that display what they believe to be idealcharacteristics. While each is different in their own way, many of these role models share similarqualities. Most tend to have courage, strength, compassion, or another respected trait, but this isnot necessarily why they win the adoration of their followers. Cyrano de Bergerac is a perfect and ideal “chevalier servant';, or to put it in simple terms, a perfect example of how many protagonistswin our allegiance because his sensibilities will not be denied. Mainly because he lives life to thefullest, and because he is a victim of his surroundings.If there ever was a figure in this book who would be the ideal “chevalier servant';, it isCyrano. When lovers admit, “I’d die for you';, it is usually taken as a figure of speech. Cyranoactually crossed over enemy lines every day simply to mail love letters. He also confessed toRoxane, “My mother made it clear that s he didn’t find me pleasant to look at. I had no sisters.Later, I dreaded the thought of seeing mockery in the eyes of a mistress. Thanks to you, I’ve atleast had a woman’s friendship, a gracious presence to soften the harsh loneliness of my life.';When he then admits, “My heart always timidly hides its self behind my mind';, the reader can instantly relate to this dilemma but it is the fact that Cyrano is able to overcome it, then thatmakes him the ideal “chevalier servant';.Not only is Cyrano filled with emotion, but he also goes out of his way to live life to the fullest. Cyrano’s introduction to the reader definitely leaves a lasting impression. Not only does he banish an actor from the theater for performing poorly, but he proceeds to recite poetry while dueling with another member of the audience. Every moment of Cyrano’s life is filled with action like this. When he was informed that one hundred men were going to try and kill his frien d, Ligniere, he was trilled with the idea of fighting all these men at once, and, of course, he succeeded. How could anyone not love this man who takes “Carpe Diem'; to its most extreme form? Also, Cyrano is a victim of his surroundings. This may be the one characteristic that completely wins over the reader. Cyrano’s most obvious flaw is his grotesque nose, but this would not be so awful if the people around him didn’t care.

Western Filipina Relationship

Western-Filipina Relationship Denver Jane C. Diacor Why do lots of Filipino women choose foreigners as better husbands? How do Westerners differ from Filipino men? These are some of the typical questions asked by individuals since Western-Filipina relationship is now observed. And a number of Filipinas preferred husbands from the West in three main reasons: it might be for money, the feeling of acceptance, or for love. Money can be the first reason. It is quite absurd to see a 61 year-old man with a 25 year-old Filipina girlfriend, that’s why many people say that the girl is only looking after the money she could get from that old man. We cannot deny the fact that many wish to change their social status and get out from their life of being a poor, and marrying a foreigner is what they think the solution. However, in my own perspective, it is not really right to marry a person just because of money; others are just being practical. If money is seen as one of the reason in this relationship, the feeling of acceptance is another factor. Based on what I have read on some stories about this cross-cultural relationship, a Filipina said that she has a great feeling with her husband. She added that Western men are not really particular on how you dress or how you look as long as you are staying true to yourself. They will make you feel you are pretty and that you are special to them, unlike Filipino men who are judging you from the way you dress to the way you act. They are straightforward on telling your mistakes unlike Filipino men who are having that sugar-coated statement just to make sure you are not hurt. Thus, Western men will allow you to grow by telling what’s wrong and letting you check your weaknesses and shortcomings. Finally, for love, Westerners are more romantic and expressive in showing their affection. For me, traveling a distant place just to be with your love is quite very romantic. And two people living in an absolutely different world finding each other is true love. In short, the reason why some Filipina preferred foreigners as husband might be because of the money, because of the great feeling with the partner, or because of love. It is really great to find the right person you want to be with for the rest of your life. Either a Filipino or a Westerner, the first things we must consider in marriage or in a relationship is the love, acceptance, trust, loyalty, and understanding.

Mutual Mistake Essay

Abstract Mutual Mistake of fact is when both parties of a contract make an assumption of fact when contract is formed and signed. The mistake must significantly change what you have to do under the contract, almost to the point where it’s an entirely different agreement. Although, if you knew there was a strong chance or probability of mistake at the time the contract was signed, you may have assumed the risk of that mistake. You therefore cannot use the mutual mistake defense. Not all cases of Mutual Mistake are strong enough to void a contract. Contract Law: Mistake of Fact In the given case: Josh Hartly was interested in purchasing a new car and visits his local auto dealer. In the course of his negotiations, he tells the salesperson that he wants the car with a 3.2 liter V6 engine and not the one with a 3.9 liter engine because he has concerns regarding the fuel economy of the 3.9 liter engine. Josh then signs a contract agreeing to purchase the car with a 3.2 liter V6 engine. What neither Josh nor the salesperson knew was that the manufacturer had already stopped manufacturing both the 3.2 liter and the 3.9 liter engines, and was equipping the cars with a newly designed 3.5 liter engine. This is a mutual mistake of fact that makes the signed contract void due to the lack of knowledge by both parties that the manufacturer had stopped making the cars with either a 3.2 liter or a 3.9 liter V6 engine and now only makes a 3.5 liter V6 engine for there cars. Someone trying to avoid his or her obligation under a contract can raise a mutual mistake defense. The defense states that both parties to the contract relied on a mistaken assumption when entering the contract, which then makes the contract void. A mistaken assumption is a fact that both John Hartly and the auto salesman believed to be true at the time the contract was signed, in this case the fact in question was that John Hartly was to receive a car with a 3.2 liter V6 engine. However, due to the manufacturer discontinuing production of the 3.2 liter engine, this fact is no longer true. As a result, the salesman can no longer perform the contract as he originally intended. (LaMance, 2011) It is absolutely agreeable that in these types of situations that a contract be deemed void from a mutual mistake of fact. If, for example, someone was contacted to dig a whole in someone’s backyard but after the contract had been signed both parties had found out that under a thin layer of dirt was solid rock, a mutual mistake of fact could make the contract void since neither party knew of the rock under the surface. If a mutual mistake defense was not possible then the person contracted to dig the whole would have to dig the whole under any circumstance and run the risk of destroying their equipment and/or having to spend more money for equipment capable of doing the job. In the case of John Harlty neither party acted unethically. Though one could argue that the salesperson should of known that the manufacturer was to stop production on cars with either a 3.2 liter and 3.9 liter V6 engine and begin production on a new model with a 3.5 liter engine before trying to sell a discontinued car to a customer. This would make it a unilateral mistake of fact because the salesperson had a reason to know of the mistake and it was his fault that led to the mistake (Emanuel, 2011). But, on the other hand, buying a new car is a pretty big deal and the potential customer should have done their own research and found out that a certain model of car was to be changed in the coming weeks, months, years, or however long it was until the change. The Uniform Commercial Code or UCC is a model statute that has been adopted by every state in the United States in its entirety. The UCC is most often used to resolve contract disputes for the sale of goods (LaMance, 2013). The UCC only deals with merchants, which is defined as anyone with a special knowledge in a given commercial field. Therefore, a sale of goods between two private, non-merchant parties will not be subject to UCC requirements (Rivera, 2013). In terms of winners and losers, there are no winners. One could say that the winner would be the buyer because they won the defense of mutual mistake of fact but they are still with out what they were trying to buy in the first place. The loser, though, would be the seller because they have lost business with the possible customer and made no profit in the sale that is now void. References Emanuel, S. L. (2011). Mistake. In Wolters Kluwer MBE Bar Prep. Retrieved from https://www.inkling.com/read/wolters-kluwer-mbe-bar-prep/mbe-contracts/chapter-4-mistake LaMance, K. (2011, November 8). Revoking contracts: mutual mistake lawyers. Legal Match. Retrieved from http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/revoking-contracts-mutual-mistake.html LaMance, K. (2013, August 28). Uniform commercial code lawyers. Legal Match. Retrieved from http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/uniform-commercial-code-lawyers.html Rivera, J. (2013, November 12). When does the UCC not apply to sale of goods? Legal Match. Retrieved from http://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/when-does-the-ucc-not-apply-to-a-sale-of-goods.html